As html is not suited for mathematical formulas, some additional notation is used (as used in the typographical package Latex). a_i denotes a with subscript i. a^i denotes a to the power i. <= and >= are used as in most computer languages. Curly brackets, "{" and "}", are use to group things. sum_{i = 0}^j denotes the sum for i running from 0 to j. The same may also be written sum_{0 <= i <= j}. ~= stands for "approximately equal" and ~ for "proportional to". Greek letters are written out. For logical expressions we either use the notation from C or the operators are written out in text. So, "a && !b" is the same as "a and not b". sqrt stands for the square root function and log without specifying the base number for the logarithm to basis 2. There are a few more notations, but they should be understood easily. New notions are printed bold there where they are defined. Inside the chapters particularly important ideas and short key notes are highlighted without introductory text. There are many pictures. These are intended to be self-explanatory. Typically they are placed just after the text fragment to which they belong, generally there is no direct reference to them in the text.
There are very few references to the literature. Clearly most of the presented material is not new. A part is even common knowledge. More directly this text is based on material found in the following book:
Notice: the following text may be overcomplete. At the examination it is expected that the students only know all that has been presented during the lectures.